Proven oil reserves are growing, but at today s rate of consumption figures suggest that we will run out of oil before 2050 unless new sources or alternatives are brought on stream, or consumption is reduced. It is viewed that these new sources of oil will be found, but just in case, major corporations are also investing in alternatives and ways of reducing consumption.
One response by the automotive sector has been the development of alternative fuel vehicles based on electricity – EVs and HEVs are now available from all major OEMs. But electricity alone cannot meet all the world s up-coming energy requirements for transport. Indeed a consensus is emerging among leading automotive businesses that electric vehicles alone can never fulfil the everyday driver’s requirement for all types of journeys. Liquid fuel of some kind, or a sustainable alternative, will be required for long-range sustainable mobility.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT’S DRIVING THE MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS?
Global Warming and Regulation
Impact of the OECD/IEA Scenarios
Peak Oil & the Balance of Supply and Demand
Sources of Oil & Availability
The Rate of EV and HEV Take Up
Competing Uses of Oil
Market Growth, Drivers & Timing
Conclusion
WHAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL (AAF)?
Definition
Relative Energy Content
REGIONAL AAF POLICY & USAGE
United States
Europe
Latin America
Brazil
Other Latin American Countries
Asia
Japan
China
India
THE BIOFUEL DEBATE
Food vs. Fuel and Other Issues
The ‘BioMass Limit’
Solution Trends
Non-Food Feedstocks
Second & Third Generation Biofuels
Biofuel Self Sufficiency vs Importing
Multipurpose Feedstocks
Biodiesel: Environmental Impact, Uptake & Production
ADVANCED BIOFUELS : UTILISING NON-OIL & NON-FOOD FEEDSTOCKS
BTL, CTL & GTL & the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Process
Biomass Fractionation
Jatropha & Karanja
Algae
Pure Plant Oils (PPO/SVO)
Waste Products
Domestic and Municipal Waste
Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO)
Human waste
Conclusion: Advanced Biofuels – Key Issues
ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS – A REVIEW
Ethanol
Overview
Global Production Figures
Distribution
Engine Design Evolution
Use in Diesel Engines
Butanol
A ‘Drop-In’ Fuel
Who’s Investing in the Technology?
Conclusion
Conventional Biodiesel (FAME)
Issues
Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD or HVO)
DME (BlueFuel)
Natural Gas (CNG, LNG)
Overview
Availability & Usage
Conclusion
Synthetic Fuel: FT Diesel
Hydrogen
Controversy
Practicalities
Issues
Hydrogen Sourcing
Hydrogen infrastructure costs
Cost-effective Hydrogen Storage
Reduced fuel cell costs
Fuel cell reliability, durability and low-temperature operation.
Comparative Well to Wheel (WTW) Statistics of AAFs
Conclusion
Fuel Blends
Common Fuel Mixes (E10, E85 HCNG etc)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG, GPL, LP Gas & Autogas)
P-series Fuel
Methane-Diesel Blends
CONCLUSION
List of Tables and Figures
Figure 1: Forecast Oil Price Rises out to 2035
Figure 2: Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1989, 1999 and 2009
Figure 3: The OECD/IEA Blue Map (450ppm) Scenario
Figure 4: Annual Production Scenarios with 2 Percent Growth Rates and Different resource Levels DeclineR/P=10)
Figure 5: Supply and Demand Scenarios
Figure 6: Differing Views on Forecast Date of Peak Oil
Figure 7:Total Oil Reserves and Type of Production
Figure 8: World Oil Productio by Type in the New Policies Scenario
Figure 9: Pathways for Carbon Neutrality
Figure 10: US Federal requirement for renewable fuels which will be enforced by the EPA
Figure 11: Final energy consumption in transport, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)
Figure 12: World Biodiesel Production and Capacity
Figure 13: EU and Member States Biodiesel Production
Figure 14: Current estimates of Technology Development in Biofuels
Figure 15: Indirect Conversion Synthetic Fuels Manufacturing Processes
Figure 16: Biomass Fractionation
Figure 17: Algae biodiesel manufacture
Figure 18: Thermal, biological and chemical routes to biofuel and chemical production.
Figure 19: Modifications necessary for engines to cope with increasing ethanol/petrol blends.
Figure 20: Basic Process for Manufacturing Biodiesel
Figure 21: Natural Gas Vehicle proliferation worldwide
Figure 22: Fuel Efficiency By Type
Figure 23: WTW Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
Figure 24: Japanese R&D fuel cell projects
Figure 25: Commercialisation Statue of Main BioFuel Technologies
Table 1: Energy and emission trends under the Baseline and Blue Map Scenarios: 2050 compared with 2007
Table 2: Government Drivers of Alternative Fuels
Table 3: List of Viable Alternative Fuels
Table 4: Relative Energy Content of Alternative Fuels
Table 5: Energy Output of Biodiesel compared with other Alternative Fuels
Table 6: AAF usage and trends in the US:
Table 7: EPA definitions of Alternative Fuels
Table 8: Energy consumption statistics from the European Environment Agency (EEA)
Table 9: Bio Fuels Policy in Asia
Table 10: Biodiesel Emissions
Table 11: key R&D issues facing those developing Advanced Biofuels
Table 12: World Ethanol Fuel Production in Million Litres
Table 13: N ExBTL Renewable Diesel (HVO) versus Traditional BioDiesel (FAME)
Table 14: Blending the characteristics of Biofuels
16.04.21 - 13:02
Porsche Taycan has become the most popular electric car in the Russian market
