Supplier Business

Proven oil reserves are growing, but at today s rate of consumption figures suggest that we will run out of oil before 2050 unless new sources or alternatives are brought on stream, or consumption is reduced. It is viewed that these new sources of oil will be found, but just in case, major corporations are also investing in alternatives and ways of reducing consumption.

One response by the automotive sector has been the development of alternative fuel vehicles based on electricity – EVs and HEVs are now available from all major OEMs. But electricity alone cannot meet all the world s up-coming energy requirements for transport. Indeed a consensus is emerging among leading automotive businesses that electric vehicles alone can never fulfil the everyday driver’s requirement for all types of journeys. Liquid fuel of some kind, or a sustainable alternative, will be required for long-range sustainable mobility.

INTRODUCTION

WHAT’S DRIVING THE MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS?

Global Warming and Regulation
Impact of the OECD/IEA Scenarios
Peak Oil & the Balance of Supply and Demand
Sources of Oil & Availability
The Rate of EV and HEV Take Up
Competing Uses of Oil
Market Growth, Drivers & Timing
Conclusion

WHAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL (AAF)?

Definition
Relative Energy Content

REGIONAL AAF POLICY & USAGE

United States
Europe
Latin America
Brazil
Other Latin American Countries
Asia
Japan
China
India

THE BIOFUEL DEBATE

Food vs. Fuel and Other Issues
The ‘BioMass Limit’
Solution Trends
Non-Food Feedstocks
Second & Third Generation Biofuels
Biofuel Self Sufficiency vs Importing
Multipurpose Feedstocks
Biodiesel: Environmental Impact, Uptake & Production

ADVANCED BIOFUELS : UTILISING NON-OIL & NON-FOOD FEEDSTOCKS

BTL, CTL & GTL & the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Process

Biomass Fractionation
Jatropha & Karanja
Algae
Pure Plant Oils (PPO/SVO)
Waste Products
Domestic and Municipal Waste
Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO)
Human waste
Conclusion: Advanced Biofuels – Key Issues

ALTERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS – A REVIEW

Ethanol

Overview
Global Production Figures
Distribution
Engine Design Evolution
Use in Diesel Engines

Butanol

A ‘Drop-In’ Fuel
Who’s Investing in the Technology?
Conclusion

Conventional Biodiesel (FAME)

Issues

Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD or HVO)
DME (BlueFuel)
Natural Gas (CNG, LNG)

Overview
Availability & Usage
Conclusion

Synthetic Fuel: FT Diesel

Hydrogen

Controversy
Practicalities
Issues
Hydrogen Sourcing
Hydrogen infrastructure costs
Cost-effective Hydrogen Storage
Reduced fuel cell costs
Fuel cell reliability, durability and low-temperature operation.
Comparative Well to Wheel (WTW) Statistics of AAFs
Conclusion

Fuel Blends